Current Issue

2026 Vol.11 No.1 Published:28 February 2026

Standards/Guidelines/Consensus

Guidelines for the prevention and management of mother-to-child transmission of tuberculosis Chinese Society for Tuberculosis, Chinese Medical Association, Tuberculosis Professional Committee of Chinese Research Hospital Association, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases/Shenzhen Third People's Hospital 2026, 11 (1):  1-12.  DOI: 10.19871/j.cnki.xfcrbzz.2026.01.001 Abstract ( 54)    PDF (772KB) ( 46 )    Tuberculosis (TB) during pregnancy poses a significant health threat to both the mother and the fetus/infant. Protecting maternal and child health and interrupting the mother-to-child transmission chain of TB are critical components of TB control. However, current research evidence in this field remains relatively limited. To address this gap, the guideline panel convened a multidisciplinary group of experts in tuberculosis, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, infectious diseases, imaging, preventive medicine, and hospital administration. Based on the principles of evidence-based medicine and a standardized methodological framework, the panel discussed key issues in diagnosis and clinical management, aiming to develop standardized practice recommendations. This guideline covers preconception TB screening, diagnosis and treatment of gestational TB, neonatal TB assessment, breastfeeding management, and infection prevention and control measures. The guideline also addresses TB-related considerations for women with latent TB infection (LTBI) prior to conception and infertile women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies (ART), providing evidence-based solutions where available. Through expert consensus, 15 core recommendations were formulated to provide an evidence-based reference and decision-making tool for healthcare professionals involved in TB care and maternal and child health.

Interpretation of the Policy Brief: Tuberculosis among Populations at High Risk and People in Vulnerable Situations Gou Boya, Huang Huan, Wang Xiaomin, Lu Shuihua 2026, 11 (1):  13-22.  DOI: 10.19871/j.cnki.xfcrbzz.2026.01.002 Abstract ( 19)    PDF (799KB) ( 9 )    Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health challenge that requires urgent action worldwide. In 2024, there were approximately 10.7 million new TB cases globally, with populations at high risk and vulnerable groups disproportionately affected. In 2025, the WHO released Policy Brief: Tuberculosis among Populations at High Risk and People in Vulnerable Situations (hereinafter referred to as the "Policy Brief") to promote a strategic shift in TB prevention and control from broad, population-wide coverage toward a more targeted focus on populations at high risk and vulnerable groups. The Policy Brief systematically defines two priority categories—populations at high risk and vulnerable groups—and highlights that these categories often substantially overlap in practice: the same population may be “high risk” due to biological or clinical susceptibility, while simultaneously being "vulnerable" because of structural barriers and limited access to quality services. Accordingly, the Policy Brief calls for strengthening active TB screening, expanding coverage of TB preventive treatment (TPT), and advancing intersectoral collaboration to deliver integrated health services and social support, thereby improving the relevance and effectiveness of TB control efforts. As an important evidence-informed reference, the Policy Brief provides a foundation for countries to formulate equitable and efficient TB policies and offers critical guidance for advancing the core goals of the WHO "End TB Strategy". Building on China's national context, this paper will conduct an in-depth analysis of the Policy Brief and propose localized strategic recommendations for TB prevention and control among populations at high risk and vulnerable groups, to inform decision-making for ending the TB epidemic in China.

Original Articles

Transcriptomic differences and immune infiltration characteristics in peripheral blood of multidrug-resistant and drug-sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Xinjiang Xu Liangliang, Liu Xin, Yang Ting, Zhang Jun, Chen Zhixiang, Guan Xiaojun, Zheng Tian 2026, 11 (1):  23-27.  DOI: 10.19871/j.cnki.xfcrbzz.2026.01.003 Abstract ( 25)    PDF (2449KB) ( 7 )    Objective To analyze the differences in peripheral blood transcriptomics and immune infiltration characteristics between multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and drug-susceptible tuberculosis (DS-TB) patients, explore the correlation between differential gene expression levels and immune cell proportions, and provide evidence for elucidating the pathogenesis of MDR-TB. Method This cross-sectional study enrolled 10 pulmonary tuberculosis patients who admitted to Sixth People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from January to December 2024. Based on molecular drug sensitivity results, they were divided into a multidrug-resistant group and a drug-sensitive group. Venous whole blood samples were collected from each patients, and RNA was extracted for high-throughput sequencing. Differentially expressed genes in the two groups were identified through mRNA transcriptomics analysis. The gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) databases were used to perform functional annotation and pathway enrichment analysis on the differentially expressed genes to clarify their associated functions and core enriched pathways. The immune cell composition of the patients was calculated using the quantexq algorithm, and the differences in immune cell percentage between the two groups were compared. Immune-related differentially expressed genes were selected, and Spearman correlation analysis was used to calculate the correlation between these genes and the immune cell percentages. Result Using drug-sensitive pulmonary tuberculosis patients as the control and based on the predefined screening thresholds for differentially expressed genes, a total of 583 differentially expressed genes were identified in multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis patients, including 330 upregulated genes and 253 downregulated genes. Among the 10 immune cell types, the percentage of neutrophils in multidrug-resistant group was significantly higher than that in drug-sensitive tuberculosis group (P<0.05). The expression levels of seven immune-related differentially expressed genes showed a strong correlation with the percentage of neutrophils (|R|>0.5), with MAP1LC3A and CASP5 showing the strongest correlation. Specifically, the expression level of MAP1LC3A was negatively correlated with the proportion of neutrophils (R=-0.527, P=0.117), while the expression level of CASP5 was positively correlated with the proportion of neutrophils (R=0.661, P=0.038). Conclusion Compared with drug-sensitive patients, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients had a significantly increased percentage of peripheral blood neutrophils. Downregulation of MAP1LC3A and upregulation of CASP5 in the peripheral blood of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients were highly correlated with the increased percentage of neutrophils.The autophagy mechanism mediated by MAP1LC3A and the abnormal neutrophil extracellular traps generation and inflammatory response mainly based on CASP5 were important breakthroughs for in-depth research into the drug resistance mechanism of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Clinical characteristics and mortality factors analysis of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome Yang Xuefei, Liu Xing, Song Xiaodan, Wang Yan, Wu Yunhai 2026, 11 (1):  28-33.  DOI: 10.19871/j.cnki.xfcrbzz.2026.01.004 Abstract ( 22)    PDF (814KB) ( 5 )    Objective By analyzing the clinical characteristics and mortality factors of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome（STFS） patients, we aim to strengthen the early identification of high-risk mortality cases and provide theoretical basis for clinical prognosis. Method This was retrospective study.A total of 51 patients clinically diagnosed with STFS were enrolled between May 2024 and July 2024 at the Sixth People's Hospital of Shenyang. Epidemiological data were collected. All the patients were divided into two groups as follows based on their outcomes: the survival group and the death group. The clinical characteristics, laboratory tests, complications, and mortality factors of the two groups were compared and analyzed. Result 51 patients enrolled in the present study, with 30 subjects were male and 21 subjects were female, average age 64.82±10.36 years. Among all patients, 33 patients showed regional clustering characteristics. Among all patients, fever is the most common clinical manifestation, followed by anorexia, fatigue, disturbance of consciousness, muscle tremors, nausea and vomiting, and dizziness. Oliguria and cutaneous ecchymosis have a relatively low incidence rate. Compared with the survival group (n=32), the death group (n=19) had a higher incidence of consciousness disorders, muscle tremors, and oliguria. Laboratory tests showed that the expression level of platelet count was decreased, while the expression levels of aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, urea, creatinine, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, cardiac troponin, procalcitonin, ferritin, interleukin-10 (IL-10), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, thrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were increased significantly in the death group (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that creatinine, IL-10, muscle tremors, and consciousness disorders were independent risk factors for death in patients with SFTS. ROC curve analysis showed that the areas under the curve for the four prediction models—creatinine alone, IL-10 alone, creatinine combined with IL-10, and the combination of all four factors—were 0.796, 0.799, 0.895, and 0.933, respectively. Conclusion In addition to fever, the most common clinical manifestations in SFTS patients include anorexia, fatigue, disturbance of consciousness, muscle tremor, nausea and vomiting, as well as dizziness. The disease is characterized by rapid progression and high mortality. Elevated levels of creatinine and IL-10, along with muscle tremors and disturbance of consciousness, are potential risk factors for death in SFTS patients. Among prediction models, the four-indicator combined prediction model exhibits the best predictive performance for the mortality risk in SFTS patients.

Analysis of epidemiological characteristics pregnancy outcomes and influencing factors of high exposure risk in offspring of HIV-infected pregnant women in Qingdao,2011-2024 Ge Cuicui, Du Jing, Mei Yue, Jiang Wei 2026, 11 (1):  34-38.  DOI: 10.19871/j.cnki.xfcrbzz.2026.01.005 Abstract ( 22)    PDF (740KB) ( 6 )    Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics, pregnancy outcomes and the influencing factors of high exposure risk in offspring of HIV-infected pregnant women in Qingdao from 2011 to 2024, so as to provide a basis for continuously optimizing the local HIV mother-to-child transmission prevention measures. Method The individual information of HIV-infected pregnant women reported by Qingdao from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2024 was collected from the national management information system for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of AIDS, syphilis and hepatitis B. The epidemiological characteristics and pregnancy outcomes were described. The trend χ2 test was used to analyze the changing trends of pregnancy outcomes and treatment situations. And the Cramer's V coefficient was used for evaluating the degree of correlation between variables and high exposure risk in offspring. Result 80 HIV-infected pregnant women were reported in Qingdao from 2011 to 2024. The proportions of individuals with high school education or below, engaged in housework and unemployed, registered in other provinces, and residing in urban-rural fringe areas were 76.25%, 33.75%, 46.25% and 41.25% respectively. Among the cases, 64 (80.00%) resulted in delivery, while 16(20.00%) resulted in artificial termination of pregnancy.The proportion of artificial termination of pregnancy decreased from 36.84%(7/19) to 4.00%(1/25) (trend χ2=7.347, P<0.05). Among the HIV-infected pregnant women who delivered, the proportion of those who started taking medicine before pregnancy or in the first trimester of pregnancy increased from 25.00%(3/12) to 75.00%(18/24) (trend χ2=9.450, P< 0.05). There were 10 HIV-infected pregnant women with high exposure risk in offspring. HIV-infected pregnant women who were unmarried (57.14%, 4/7) or diagnosed after the current pregnancy (33.33%,7/21) had a significantly higher proportion of high exposure risk in offspring (P<0.05). There was a moderate correlation between marital status, spouse's test status, or timing of HIV diagnosis and high exposure risk in offspring (Cramer's V values were 0.401, 0.341 and 0.310 respectively,P<0.05). Conclusion The mainly epidemiological characteristics of HIV-infected pregnant women of 2011-2024 in Qingdao include high school education or below, engaged in housework and unemployed, registered in other provinces and residing in urban-rural fringe areas. The proportion of artificial termination of pregnancy showed a significant annual decline. HIV-infected pregnant women who are unmarried or diagnosed after the current pregnancy face a higher risk of high exposure in their offspring.

Analysis of the current status and influencing factors of acute postoperative pain in patients with stage Ⅲ tuberculous empyema Li Tingting, Jiang Liangshuang, Zeng Xiaoli, Gong Sheng, Jia Shuang, Yuan Ye, Wang Ning, Zhou Yu, Bai Qiuling, Zhou Jun 2026, 11 (1):  39-43.  DOI: 10.19871/j.cnki.xfcrbzz.2026.01.006 Abstract ( 20)    PDF (750KB) ( 5 )    Objective To analyze the incidence of acute postoperative pain in patients with stage Ⅲ tuberculous empyema and its influencing factors. Method A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 105 patients with stage Ⅲ tuberculous empyema who underwent surgical treatment at the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Public Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, from June 2023 to April 2025. Pain levels were assessed using the numeric rating scale (NRS) and categorized into a pain group (NRS score≥4, n=46) and a control group (NRS score<4, n=59). Postoperative acute pain within the first three days was evaluated using the NRS for both groups. Using binary logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the influencing factors of acute postoperative pain in patients with stage Ⅲ tuberculous empyema. Result The incidence of postoperative acute pain in patients with stage Ⅲ tuberculous empyema was 43.81%. Univariate analysis revealed significant differences in gender, alcohol consumption, pleural thickness, surgical method, operation duration, and postoperative drainage volume between the pain group and the control group (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that prolonged operation duration (OR=1.013, 95%CI:1.002-1.025, P=0.025), increased pleural thickness (OR=1.189, 95%CI:1.020-1.387, P=0.027), thoracotomy surgical method (OR=4.503, 95%CI:1.532-13.231, P=0.006), and increased postoperative drainage volume (OR=1.001, 95%CI:1.000-1.003, P=0.027) were risk factors for postoperative acute pain (P<0.05), while being male (OR=0.101, 95%CI:0.029-0.351, P<0.001) was a protective factor against acute postoperative pain. Conclusion Patients with stage Ⅲ tuberculous empyema exhibit a higher incidence of postoperative acute pain, which correlates with factors such as gender, surgical duration, pleural thickness, surgical approach, and postoperative drainage volume. Clinicians should prioritize acute pain management in female patients, those undergoing thoracotomy, those with pleural thickening, prolonged operative time, and increased postoperative drainage, while implementing early pain intervention strategies.

Construction and validation of a predictive model for treatment failure in young and middle-aged patients with initial treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis based on interpretable machine learning Liu Huimei, Zhang Shuo, Xu Changwei, Han Xixi, Xi Xiangyu 2026, 11 (1):  44-49.  DOI: 10.19871/j.cnki.xfcrbzz.2026.01.007 Abstract ( 22)    PDF (1189KB) ( 5 )    Objective To construct treatment failure prediction model for young and middle-aged patients with initially treated pulmonary tuberculosis based on machine learning, and to provide a reference for the early clinical identification of high-risk patients with treatment failure and the formulation of personalized intervention strategies. Method A total of 760 young and middle-aged patients with initially treated pulmonary tuberculosis admitted to Beijing Ditan Hospital, Xuzhou Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xuzhou Seventh People's Hospital from January 2022 to June 2024 were selected as the research subjects. Using SPSS software to generate random numbers,according to 7:3, the patients were randomly divided into modeling group (n=532) and validation group (n=228). Based on modeling group data, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was used to screen the characteristic variables of patient treatment failure. Six machine learning methods, including random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), logistic regression (LR), naive bayes (NB), artificial neural network (ANN)and gradient boosting machine (GBM)were selected to construct treatment failure prediction model. The effectiveness of model was evaluated by AUC of ROC, calibration curve and decision curve. In addition, the shapley additive interpretation (SHAP) method was used to explain the contributions of each variable to the results. Result LASSO regression screened 5 non-zero coefficient indicators, including residence, smoking history, sputum positive, pulmonary cavity and controlling nutritional status(CONUT) score. Among the 6 machine learning models, the GBM model had the highest AUC and F1 scores. The ROC curve showed that the AUC of GBM model in modeling group and validation group were 0.881 and 0.865, respectively. The calibration curve showed that GBM model had a good calibration degree in two groups (χ2=8.638, P=0.374; χ2=4.786, P=0.780). The decision curve showed that GBM model had wide range of clinical net benefits in two groups.SHAP analysis showed that the importance ranking of contribution to prediction results of GBM model were CONUT score,residence, pulmonary cavity, sputum positivity and smoking history. Among them, high CONUT scores, rural residence, combined pulmonary cavities, positive sputum results and history of smoking can increase the risk of treatment failure for patients. Conclusion In this study, a predictive model for treatment failure in young and middle-aged patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis was constructed and validated based on six machine learning algorithms, among which the GBM model exhibited the optimal predictive performance and clinical application value. This study demonstrated the key risk factors for treatment failure in patients including high CONUT score, rural residence, presence of pulmonary cavities, sputum positivity and smoking history. This model can provide a basis for clinical prediction and identification of high-risk patients with treatment failure, as well as for developing intervention plans.

Analysis of the distribution of bacterial strains and clinical characteristics of non-tuberculous Mycobacteria pulmonary disease in Sichuan Zhu Hongmei, Shi Zhengyu, Li Xiu, Huang Tao 2026, 11 (1):  50-54.  DOI: 10.19871/j.cnki.xfcrbzz.2026.01.008 Abstract ( 19)    PDF (741KB) ( 8 )    Objective To investigate and analyze the distribution of bacterial strains and clinical characteristics of non-tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) pulmonary disease in the Sichuan region in recent years, providing a reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Method Medical records of patients diagnosed with NTM pulmonary disease at Chengdu Public Health Clinical Medical Center from January 2022 to December 2024 were collected. The species distribution and related clinical features of NTM pulmonary disease were analyzed. Result A total of 235 confirmed NTM pulmonary disease cases were collected. Male patients (141 cases, 60%) outnumbered female patients (94 cases, 40%), with the disease predominantly affecting individuals aged 60 years and above (134 cases, 57.02%). Among the 235 patients, 11 species of NTM were identified. The top three predominant species were Mycobacterium intracellulare (82 cases, 34.89%), Mycobacterium avium (55 cases, 23.40%), and Mycobacterium abscessus (51 cases, 21.70%). Common comorbidities of NTM pulmonary disease included a history of tuberculosis (64 cases, 27.23%), bronchiectasis (53 cases, 22.55%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (40 cases, 17.02%), HIV infection (34 cases, 14.47%), pneumoconiosis (15 cases, 6.38%), diabetes (15 cases, 6.38%), malignant tumors (8 cases, 3.40%), and rheumatic immune diseases (7 cases, 2.98%). Females were more likely to have bronchiectasis, while males were more prone to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumoconiosis, and HIV infection. The main clinical symptoms of NTM pulmonary disease were cough and expectoration (203 cases, 86.38%), hemoptysis (83 cases, 35.32%), shortness of breath (77 cases, 32.77%), fever (40 cases, 17.02%), weight loss (32 cases, 13.62%), and chest pain (18 cases, 7.66%). Females were more likely to experience hemoptysis, while males were more susceptible to fever and chest pain(P<0.05）. The primary imaging manifestations of NTM pulmonary disease included pulmonary nodules, cavities, bronchiectasis, emphysema, and pulmonary destruction. Males were more likely to exhibit emphysema and pulmonary destruction compared to females(P<0.05). Conclusion In the Sichuan region, NTM pulmonary disease is primarily caused by Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium avium, and Mycobacterium abscessus. Its clinical features resemble those of pulmonary tuberculosis. Timely and accurate identification of Mycobacterium species provides essential guidance for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

The correlation between chest CT manifestations and CD4+T lymphocyte count in AIDS patients with Talaromycosis Shi Xiudong, Ding Chenhan, Yang Ying, Song Pengrui, Shi Yuxin 2026, 11 (1):  55-59.  DOI: 10.19871/j.cnki.xfcrbzz.2026.01.009 Abstract ( 32)    PDF (1180KB) ( 6 )    Objective To explore the relationship between the count of CD4+T lymphocyte and the chest CT features including manifestation, distributions of pulmonary lesion, as well as the severity of pulmonary lesion in AIDS patients with Talaromycosis (TSM). Method A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data, chest CT findings and CD4+T lymphocyte counts of 122 patients with AIDS complicated by TSM who were admitted to Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center from January 2015 to December 2024. The relationships between CT imaging manifestations/distribution characteristics of pulmonary lesions and CD4+T lymphocyte counts were investigated. The correlations between the number of affected pulmonary segments/CT severity scores and CD4+T lymphocyte counts were analyzed. Result The chest CT manifestations of AIDS patients with TSM were diverse, mainly including miliary nodule, nodule, ground-glass opacity or patchy shadow, and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. There were no significant differences in CD4+T lymphocyte count among groups with different chest CT manifestations (P>0.05), including between groups with miliary nodule and those without, groups with mediastinal lymphadenopathy and those without, and groups with pulmonary lesion and those without. There were no significant differences in CD4+T lymphocyte count among groups with different distributions of pulmonary lesion (P>0.05), including between groups with bilateral distribution and non-bilateral distribution, and between groups with diffuse distribution and non-diffuse distribution. The number of lung segment involved by pulmonary lesion and the CT score of pulmonary lesion showed no significant correlation with CD4+T lymphocyte count (P>0.05). Conclusion This study demonstrates that the pulmonary CT manifestations (including lesion morphology and distribution) and their severity in AIDS patients with Talaromyces marneffei infection show no significant correlation with CD4+T lymphocyte counts. These findings suggest that the imaging characteristics of Talaromyces marneffei infection may be independent of the degree of host immunosuppression, providing a new perspective for understanding the pathogenesis of this disease.

Distribution of pathogenic bacteria in pyogenic liver abscess and construction of a prognostic prediction model Zhang Zhuqing, Du Yunling, Zong Chunguang, Yan Meishu, Zhang Weiwen, Chen Kai 2026, 11 (1):  60-66.  DOI: 10.19871/j.cnki.xfcrbzz.2026.01.010 Abstract ( 14)    PDF (918KB) ( 3 )    Objective To clarify the distribution characteristics of pathogenic bacteria in patients with pyogenic liver abscesses (PLA) and to construct a risk model for predicting patient prognosis, in order to guide precise clinical diagnosis and treatment. Method A total of 229 PLA patients admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University from January 2018 to June 2024 were selected as the training set, and 115 PLA patients admitted from July 2024 to March 2025 were selected as the validation set. Pus samples from liver abscesses were collected for pathogen identification. Patients in both sets were followed for 3 months to assess prognosis. Based on the prognosis in the training set, patients were divided into a poor prognosis group(55 cases) and a good prognosis group(157 cases). General characteristics were compared between the training and validation sets. General characteristics and the distribution of main pathogens were compared between the poor and good prognosis groups within the training set. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify influencing factors for poor prognosis in PLA and to construct a risk prediction nomogram model. The performance of the model was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and calibration curves. Result In the training set, the composition ratios of Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria among PLA pathogens were 77.36% and 22.64%, respectively. The rates of poor prognosis in the training set and validation set were 25.94% and 25.23%, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in general characteristics between the training and validation sets (P>0.05). In the training set, the poor prognosis group had older age, larger maximum abscess diameter, higher proportions of patients with comorbid diabetes, comorbid hypoalbuminemia, and Klebsiella pneumoniae infection, as well as higher white blood cell (WBC) count, procalcitonin (PCT) level, and C reactive protein (CRP) level compared to the good prognosis group. All these differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that increased age (OR=1.451, 95%CI: 1.013-2.080), comorbid diabetes (OR=2.276, 95%CI: 1.512-3.425), comorbid hypoalbuminemia (OR=1.971, 95%CI: 1.196-3.247), high PCT level (OR=2.295, 95%CI: 1.413-3.728), large maximum abscess diameter (OR=2.882, 95%CI: 1.507-5.512), and Klebsiella pneumoniae infection (OR=1.770, 95%CI: 1.155-2.713) were independent risk factors for poor prognosis in PLA (P<0.05). The ROC curve showed that the area under the curve (AUC) for predicting poor prognosis in the training set using the prognostic prediction model was 0.927, with a sensitivity of 81.82% and a specificity of 91.08%. For the validation set, the AUC was 0.913, with a sensitivity of 85.19% and a specificity of 93.75%. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test indicated no statistically significant difference between the predicted probability and the actual probability of poor prognosis for both the training set (χ2=0.174, P=0.676) and the validation set (χ2=0.205, P=0.603) in the calibration curves. Conclusion The main pathogens in PLA patients are Gram-negative bacteria, with Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli being the most common. Factors influencing poor prognosis include increased age, comorbid diabetes, comorbid hypoalbuminemia, high PCT level, large maximum abscess diameter, and Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. The risk prediction nomogram model constructed based on these factors demonstrates good clinical performance.

Construction and validation of a risk predictive model for treatment delay of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis-diabetes mellitus comorbidity Liu Ling, Zhu Chengfeng, Wang Jin, Liu Xiaoling, Song Yan, Liu Yan, Zeng Yi, Zhang Cheng, Lin Feishen 2026, 11 (1):  67-73.  DOI: 10.19871/j.cnki.xfcrbzz.2026.01.011 Abstract ( 18)    PDF (961KB) ( 9 )    Objective A risk prediction model for healthcare-seeking delay in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis-diabetes mellitus (PTB-DM) was developed and validated in this study, providing a reference for the clinical early identification of high-risk groups for healthcare-seeking delay and the formulation of targeted intervention strategies. Method Clinical data of 344 patients with PTB-DM admitted to the Tuberculosis Department of Nanjing Second Hospital from January 2023 to December 2024 were collected via convenience sampling. These patients were stratified into a modeling group and a validation group at a ratio of 7:3. Multivariate Logistic regression was applied to systematically screen and analyze the independent risk factors for treatment delay of patients with PTB-DM. Using R software, the nomogram model was plotted and stratified validation was performed. Result In this study, 241 patients were enrolled in the modeling group and 103 in the validation group. The incidence of treatment delay was 59.34% and 56.31% in the two groups, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found in clinical data between the two groups (P>0.05). Multivariate analysis of clinical data from patients in the modeling group demonstrated that,distance to medical facilities (OR=4.553, 95%CI:1.765-19.347), frequency of physical examinations (OR=13.907, 95%CI:1.324-27.582), charlson comorbidity (CCI) score (OR=1.181, 95%CI:1.059-1.320), brief illness perception questionnaire (BIPQ) score (OR=0.729, 95%CI:0.634-0.926), social support rating scale (SSRS) score (OR=0.903, 95%CI:0.871-0.986), and chinese-perceived barriers to health care-seeking decision (PBHSD-C) score (OR=1.439, 95%CI:1.187-4.548) are the influencing factors of treatment delay of patients with PTB-DM. A nomogram prediction model was constructed based on the aforementioned variables. ROC curve analysis showed that the AUC of the modeling group was 85.3%, with a sensitivity of 84.15% and a specificity of 76.42%; calibration curve analysis revealed a P-value of 0.306, indicating good consistency between the predicted values and actual values of the model. Validation results in the validation group showed that the model had a sensitivity of 74.1%, a specificity of 91.1%, a positive predictive value of 91.5%, a negative predictive value of 73.2%, and an overall prediction accuracy of 81.6%. Conclusion The risk prediction model for treatment delay of patients with PTB-DM developed in this study has been verified to possess good discriminative ability and calibration. It can effectively identify high-risk patients for treatment delay, provide an evidence-based foundation for disease prevention and control departments and medical institutions to implement targeted intervention measures, optimize resource allocation, and thereby reduce both the risk of disease transmission and the incidence of treatment delay.

Health Management and Prevention and Control Strategies

Construction of a job evaluation index system for administrative staff in infectious disease hospitals in Xinjiang Ma Jiao, Jiao Min, Zheng Tian, Peng Yi 2026, 11 (1):  74-80.  DOI: 10.19871/j.cnki.xfcrbzz.2026.01.012 Abstract ( 12)    PDF (751KB) ( 4 )    Objective Considering the particularity and complexity of post management for administrative staff in infectious disease hospitals in Xinjiang, this study constructs a scientific and adaptive job evaluation index system, which provides a quantitative basis for the reform of hospital performance-related compensation and helps the administrative team to efficiently support the public health security defense line. Method Targeting administrative staff in infectious disease hospitals in Xinjiang, an initial indicator framework was developed through "literature analysis + semi-structured interviews". The delphi method was employed to conduct two rounds of expert consultation, refining the content and structure of the indicators. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was then used to calculate indicator weights, ultimately forming a comprehensive evaluation system. In the first round, 62 experts were invited to participate. Based on feedback and willingness to continue, 58 experts were selected for the second round, completing the full consultation process. Result The questionnaire recovery rates for the two rounds were 96.78% (60/62) and 100% (58/58), indicating a high level of expert engagement. The expert authority coefficient reached 0.86, and the Kendall's coefficient of concordance improved from 0.182 (P<0.001) in the first round to 0.335 (P<0.001) in the second round, showing a significant increase in expert consensus. The final indicator system comprises 4 primary indicators (Professional Competence, Emergency Efficacy, Communication, and Thinking) and 17 secondary indicators. Among these, "Emergency Efficacy" (weight 0.4878) and "Professional Competence" (weight 0.3322) are the core dimensions. Key secondary indicators include "Emergency Response and Execution Ability" (combined weight 0.2315) and "Infection Control Awareness and Behavioral Compliance" (combined weight 0.1292), highlighting the distinctive features of administrative roles in infectious disease hospitals. Conclusion Based on a large-sample expert consultation, this study constructs a job evaluation index system for administrative staff in infectious disease hospitals in Xinjiang, which significantly enhances the scientificity and reliability of the evaluation system. The research findings provide guiding significance for promoting differentiated performance evaluation, salary reform and talent training of administrative personnel in such hospitals in Xinjiang. Meanwhile, they also serve as an important reference for improving the refined level of administrative management in infectious disease hospitals and consolidating the public health security defense line.

Study on the application effect of the active service model for drug-resistant tuberculosis patients based on "trinity-based management system" and the whole-process infectious disease management platform Liang Yuexin, Li Liyuan, Lyu Liuying, Zeng Yanzhen, Zhang Yi, Wu Mei, Wei Zhouhui, Liu Aimei, Qin Fengxi, Lan Yu 2026, 11 (1):  81-86.  DOI: 10.19871/j.cnki.xfcrbzz.2026.01.013 Abstract ( 14)    PDF (1166KB) ( 4 )    Objective To verify the application effect of the active service model for drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) patients based on the trinity management system and the full-course management platform for infectious diseases,and to provide practical basis for improving the quality of DR-TB management. Method A non-randomized controlled trial design was adopted, and a total of 130 newly diagnosed DR-TB patients admitted to Chest Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region from January 2022 to June 2024 were enrolled as study subjects. Among them, 50 newly diagnosed DR-TB patients admitted from January to December 2022 served as the control group, receiving routine nursing care; 80 newly diagnosed DR-TB patients admitted from January 2023 to June 2024 served as the intervention group, receiving routine nursing care plus the active service model.The active service model relies on“platform +SMS/WeChat+manual work”to achieve multi-subject collaborative management. A flowchart for supervised medication and follow-up management of DR-TB patients was formulated simultaneously,clarifying all process nodes and standardizing supervision and follow-up operations.Differences in core knowledge awareness rate, treatment adherence, and other indicators between the two groups were compared.At the end of the 12th month, the clinical outcome indicators were statistically analyzed based on the Per-Protocol Set (PPS). Result 124 patients completed the study (76 in the intervention group and 48 in the control group). At 1 week after intervention and 1-2 days before discharge, the awareness rate of core knowledge (96.1%,100.0%) and scores (83.2±4.9), (91.8±3.1) in the intervention group were significantly higher than those in the control group [75.0%,81.2%; (69.5±6.0), (79.2±4.3)], with all P<0.001. PPS analysis showed that at the end of 12 months, indicators such as the rate of on-time medication intake (75.0%) and on-time follow-up visits (81.6%) in the intervention group were significantly higher than those in the control group (47.9%,58.3%), while adverse outcomes including the loss to follow-up rate (15.8%) were significantly lower than those in the control group (31.2%), with all P<0.05.In the multidrug-resistant subgroup, the sputum mycobacterial conversion rate in the intervention group (88.0%) was significantly higher than that in the control group (37.5%), and the treatment interruption rate (8.0%) was significantly lower than that in the control group (37.5%), with all P<0.01. Conclusion Based on the trinity management system and the whole-process infectious disease management platform, the active service model for DR-TB patients can significantly improve the comprehensive management outcomes of DR-TB patients and effectively reduce the risks of adverse outcomes such as loss to follow-up and treatment interruption through standardized medication supervision and targeted follow-up processes.It is suitable for the DR-TB management

Review

Advancing the development and implementation of Molecular diagnostic tests to enhance the efficiency for tuberculosis active case-finding Huang Huan, Wang Xiaomin, Zeng Jianfeng, Wang Jin, Song Zhe, Wu Haiwu, Zhong Xinguang, Lu Shuihua 2026, 11 (1):  87-96.  DOI: 10.19871/j.cnki.xfcrbzz.2026.01.014 Abstract ( 16)    PDF (772KB) ( 6 )    Tuberculosis remains a major global public health challenge. Current case-finding strategies have obvious shortcomings, with approximately one-fourth of patients not being diagnosed in a timely manner. Active screening can detect early-stage, subclinical patients as well as those not covered by routine medical services. It is a key strategy to achieve the "early detection, early diagnosis, and early treatment" of tuberculosis, and can make up for the deficiency of the current over-reliance on passive detection strategies. Therefore, vigorously promoting active tuberculosis screening has become an important trend in the global Tuberculosis prevention and control field. To facilitate the scientific and effective implementation of active Tuberculosis screening, the authors systematically reviewed the main current technical methods for tuberculosis screening, focused on commenting on the application progress of novel Molecular diagnostic tests in active screening, and discussed their future development directions in combination with screening applications in different scenarios. The authors believe that Molecular diagnostic tests, with their advantages of high sensitivity and specificity, are expected to play a core role in improving detection rates and reducing the disease burden. However, the promotion of these technologies still faces many technical and strategic challenges. In the future, efforts should be made to strengthen the research and development of kits for tuberculosis screening scenarios and non-sputum sample testing, and conduct prospective, multi-center real-world studies for methodological and strategic verification. With the continuous optimization and large-scale application of related technologies, the active tuberculosis screening system will be further improved, and the case-finding capacity is expected to be comprehensively enhanced, which can provide key technical support for the achievement of ending tuberculosis.

Case Report

Brucellosis combined with central nervous system tuberculosis infection in 2 cases Guo Jing, Zhao Shigang, Wang Xiaohui, Tong Xiuqing 2026, 11 (1):  97-101.  DOI: 10.19871/j.cnki.xfcrbzz.2026.01.015 Abstract ( 10)    PDF (818KB) ( 4 )    This article reports two cases of brucellosis complicated by central nervous system tuberculosis infection. Such co-infections are clinically rare. Brucella and Mycobacterium tuberculosis can both involve the central nervous system, and their clinical symptoms overlap, making differential diagnosis challenging. Both patients presented to the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University with definitive neurological deficits. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing of cerebrospinal fluid ultimately confirmed the diagnosis of central nervous system tuberculosis infection: one case of tuberculous myelitis and one case of acute cerebral infarction secondary to tuberculous meningitis. Serological tests for Brucella were positive in both patients, confirming co-infection with both pathogens. Following combined anti-tuberculosis and anti-brucellosis therapy, both patients showed significant improvement in neurological deficits and laboratory parameters, resulting in a favorable prognosis. Through in-depth analysis of these cases, this article aims to enhance clinicians' awareness of central nervous system tuberculosis co-infection in patients with brucellosis. It emphasizes that when central nervous system infection occurs in brucellosis patients, a high index of suspicion for co-infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is warranted. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing is valuable for precise pathogen identification, which is crucial for diagnosis and the development of individualized treatment strategies.